A Small and Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (SWAXS) beamline (BL-18) is designed, developed, installed, operated and maintained by Solid State Physics Division of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is an indispensable tool for quantitative analysis of structural correlation in mesoscopic length scale (1-100 nm) in condensed matter, covering a wide range of fields, including alloys, polymers, macromolecules, emulsions, porous materials, nanoparticles, and soft-matter. This beamline aims to probe various complex issues including time dependent phenomena in these materials.
SWAXS beamline is operational since March, 2019.
Beamline parameters & Optical layout
Parameters
Values
Source
1.5 Tesla bending magnet
Operational mode
Monochromatic X-ray (tunable wavelength by Double Crystal Monochromator)
Energy range
5 KeV – 20 KeV (Preferred 12 and 16 KeV)
Angular acceptance of beam
2.0 mrad (Horizontal) X 0.13 mrad (Vertical)
Focusing optics
Toroidal Mirror of size 1500 mm X 60 mm with
60 nm Pt and 5 nm Rh coating on Silicon substrate
Flux
~ 1011ph/s @12 KeV
Detectors
2-Dimension online image plate (For SAXS measurements)
Linear position sensitive gas detector (For WAXS measurements)
q-range
0.05 – 3.7 nm-1 (SAXS with 2-Dimension detector)
and >2.0 nm-1 (WAXS with 1D detector)
A schematic layout of the beamline components of SWAXS beamline (BL-18)
A Small and Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (SWAXS) beamline (BL-18) is designed, developed, installed, operated and maintained by Solid State Physics Division of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is an indispensable tool for quantitative analysis of structural correlation in mesoscopic length scale (1-100 nm) in condensed matter, covering a wide range of fields, including alloys, polymers, macromolecules, emulsions, porous materials, nanoparticles, and soft-matter. This beamline aims to probe various complex issues including time dependent phenomena in these materials.
Experimental station
The detector stage is made of bellows which can be expanded and compressed in vacuum to tune the sample to detector distance in the range of 3-6 m. A 2-D online image plate detector is installed at the end of the movable detector stage for SAXS measurements. The detector is isolated from the vacuum (~10-3 mbar) of the experimental station by a Kapton® film window of 150 μm thickness and 250 mm diameter. For simultaneous measurement of SAXS and WAXS data, a cone shape linear detector mounting stage is installed at the front-end of the movable detector stage. Kapton foils of 150 μm thickness is used to isolate the vacuum of the linear detector stage from the 1-D gas detector. A linear position sensitive gas (P-10) detector (Inel) is used to record the WAXS data. One small rotatable shutter is installed just after the diamond window to control the data acquisition time on sample to perform time-resolved scattering study.
The movable detector stage (left) and the online 2-D image plate detector (right)
The WAXS setup for simultaneous measurement of the SAXS and WAXS data
Sample Stages and Experimental facility
Sample Stages and Experimental facility
Multi-Sample Stage
A multi-sample changer (max. 16 samples) is used for carrying out SAXS experiments on powder, solid as well as liquid (in Kapton cell) samples.
Multi-Capillary Stage
This is used for studying liquid samples in a quartz capillary of thickness 1 to 1.5 mm inner diameter. SAXS experiments can be done for samples as low as 100l. This stage is also used for scanning SAXS/nanography studies on solid samples with a spatial resolution down to 400 μm.
Magnetic Environment Stage
Powder or liquid samples can be studied under external magnetic field, variable up to 0.5 T in all three orthogonal directions i.e. along the beam direction, and other two normal directions
Heating Stage
Powder samples in a Kapton cell as well as liquid sample in a quartz capillary can be studied in situ as a function of temperature ranging from room temperature to 200° C.
Data reduction software for BL-18
A customized data reduction software, based on graphical user interface (GUI), is developed to process 2D SAXS data both in interactive and batch mode. The ‘SAXS2D’ software is developed using Python language and has four different modules, namely ‘Frame Clubbing’, ‘Radial Averaging’, ‘Azimuthal Averaging’ and ‘Transmission Correction & Absolute Conversion’. Frame Clubbing module can be used to club multiple frames into a single frame with proper dark current subtraction and normalization. Radial averaging module can be used to convert 2D-isotropic SAXS data into 1D SAXS profile by integrating pixel wise intensities in radial direction. Masking feature can be used to exclude unwanted pixel before integrating pixel intensities. The third module, ‘Azimuthal averaging’ is a special module which can be used for analysing anisotropic 2D-SAXS data by doing integration in azimuthal (phi-angle) direction. This helps in determining the structural ordering and orientational alignment in mesoscopic length scale. Transmission correction module can be used for data reduction, such as sample transmission correction, background subtraction from scattering data as well as to convert absolute intensity scale.
1.
Understanding the self-pinning driven jamming behavior of colloids in drying droplets, S Mehta, J Bahadur, D Sen, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 676, 132284 (2023)
2.
Polyethylenimine Assisted Non-Monotonic Jamming of Colloids during Evaporation Induced Assembly and its Implication on CO2 Sorption Characteristics, Swati Mehta, Jitendra Bahadur, Debasis Sen, Saideep Singh, Vivek Polshettiwar, Soft Matter, 18 (27), 5114-5125(2023).
3.
Pore Anisotropy in Shale and its Dependence on Thermal Maturity and Organic Carbon Content: A Scanning SAXS Study Jitendra Bahadur, Debanjan Chandra, Avik Das, Vikram Vishal, Ashish Kumar Agrawal, Debasis Sen International Journal of Coal Geology 273 104268 (2023)
4.
Temperature dependent anomalous viscosity of aqueous solutions of imidazolium-based ionic liquids Devansh Kaushik, Prashant Hitaishi, Ashwani Kumar, Debasis Sen, Syed M. Kamil and Sajal K. Ghosh Soft Matter (2023) 19, 5674 – 5683
5.
Performance of small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering beamline at Indus-2 synchrotron, Avik Das, Jitendra Bahadur, Ashwani Kumar, and Debasis Sen, Review of Scientific Instruments 94, 043902 (2023).
6.
Effect of annealing environment on the luminescence and structural properties of pure CePO4 and Tb: CePO4 nanowires, S Tripathi, Y Kumar, Mangla Nand, R Jangir, J Bahadur, H Shrivastava, RK Sharma, S Raj Mohan, V Srihari, SN Jha, Journal of Luminescence, 119666. (2023)
7.
Amphiphilic Interaction Mediated Ordering of Nanoparticles in Pickering Emulsion Droplets Debasis Sen, Avik Das, Ashwani Kumar, Jitendra Bahadur, Rajesh K Chaurasia, Arshad Khan, Rajib Ganguly Soft Matter 19, 3953-3965 (2023)
8.
Amphiphilic Interaction Mediated Ordering of Nanoparticles in Pickering Emulsion Droplets Debasis Sen, Avik Das, Ashwani Kumar, Jitendra Bahadur, Rajesh K Chaurasia, Arshad Khan, Rajib Ganguly Soft Matter 19, 3953-3965 (2023)
1.
Probing micro-scale structuring-induced phase separation with fluorescence recovery diffusion dynamics in polyethylene glycol solutions Bhatt, Shipra; Bagchi, Debjani; Das, Avik; Kumar, Ashwani; Sen, Debasis ACS Omega 2023, 8, 38, 35219–35231
2.
Nano-scale physicochemical attributes and their impact on pore heterogeneity in shale Debanjan Chandra, Vikram Vishal, Jitendra Bahadur, Ashish Kumar Agrawal, Avik Das, Bodhisatwa Hazra, Debasis Sen, Fuel, 314, 123070, (2022).
3.
Jamming of Nano-Ellipsoids in a Microsphere: A Quantitative Analysis of Packing Fraction by Small-Angle Scattering, A. Das, R. Mondal, D. Sen, J. Bahadur, D. K. Satapathy, M. G. Basavaraj, Langmuir, 38(12), 3832 (2022).
4.
Silver, Copper, Magnesium and Zinc Contained Electroactive Mesoporous Bioactive S53P4 Glass–Ceramics Nanoparticle for Bone Regeneration: Bioactivity, Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Activity, A. Kumar, V. Gajraj, A. Das, D. Sen, H. Xu, C. R. Mariappan, Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 32, 2309 (2022).
5.
Pattern of an Evaporated Colloidal Droplet on a Porous Membrane Dictated by Competitive Processes of Flow and Absorption, Ashwani Kumar, Debasis Sen, Avik Das, and Jitendra Bahadur, Langmuir, 38(23), 7121(2022).
6.
Interlocking Dendritic Fibrous Nanosilica into Microgranules by Polyethylenimine Assisted Assembly: In-situ Neutron Diffraction and CO2 Capture Studies; J. Bahadur, S. Mehta, S. Singh, A. Das, A. Maity, T. Youngs, D. Sen, V. Polshettiwar; Mater. Adv., 3, 6506 (2022).
7.
Time Resolved SAXS Investigation of Correlation-Collapse in Self-Assembled Silica Microgranules during Pozzolanic Gelling, D. Sen, J. Bahadur, Avik Das, J. Phys. Chem. C, 126(39), 16785 (2022).
8.
Does carrier gas have a role on the yield and alignment of CNT fibers R Alexander, A Khausal, A Das, J Bahadur, K Dasgupta, Diamond and Related Materials, 129, 109395 (2022).
9.
Pore architecture evolution and OER catalytic activity of hollow Co/Zn Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks, J. Mor, S.K. Sharma, P. Utpalla, J. Bahadur, J. Prakash, Ashwani Kumar, P.K. Pujari, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Volume 335, 111814, ISSN 1387-1811, (2022).
1.
Nano-scale physicochemical attributes and their impact on pore heterogeneity in shale: Debanjan Chandra; Vikram Vishal; Jitendra Bahadur; Ashish Kumar Agrawal; Avik Das; Bodhisatwa Hazra; Debasis Sen, Fuel, 314, 123070, (2022).
2.
Unravelling the structural hierarchy in microemulsion droplet template dendritic fibrous nano silica, Debasis Sen, Ayan Maity, Jitendra Bahadur, Avik Das, Vivek Polshettiwar, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 323, 111234 (2021).
3.
Estimation and fingerprinting of the size distribution of non-interacting spherical particles from small-angle scattering data, Debasis Sen, Ashwani Kumar, Avik Das and Jitendra Bahadur, J. App. Cryst, 54,1298 (2021).
4.
Polymer-mediated interaction between nanoparticles during hydration and dehydration: a small-angle X-ray scattering study, Jitendra Bahadur, Avik Das, Sugam Kumar, Jyoti Prakash, Debasis Sen and V. K. Aswal, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 23, 14818 (2021).
5.
Anomalous magnetic behaviour at nano-scale of Mn2+-substituted magnesio-ferrite synthesized by auto-combustion technique, Laxmi J. Hathiya, J. D. Baraliya, Avik Das, Debasis Sen, A. M. Gismelseed, A. A. Yousif and H. H. Joshi, Indian J. Phys, 70,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-021-02169-z
6.
Mesoporous electroactive silver doped calcium borosilicates: Structural, antibacterial and myogenic potential relationship of improved bio-ceramics, Alesh Kumar, Ashwani Mittal, Avik Das, Debasis Sen, C.R. Mariappan, Ceramics International, 47, 3586–3596 (2021).
7.
Role of free volumes and segmental dynamics on ion conductivity of PEO/LiTFSI solid polymer electrolytes filled with SiO2 nanoparticles: a positron annihilation and broadband dielectric spectroscopy study, P. Utpalla, S. K. Sharma, S. K. Deshpande, J. Bahadur, D. Sen, M. Sahu and P. K. Pujari, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 23, 8585-8597 (2021).
1.
Liposome-Based Study Provides Insight into Cellular Internalization Mechanism of Mosquito-Larvicidal BinAB Toxin, Mahima Sharma, Amit Kumar, Vinay Kumar, The Journal of Membrane Biology,253, 331–342 (2020).
2.
A novel approach to identify accessible and inaccessible pores in gas shales using combined low-pressure sorption and SAXS/SANS analysis, Debanjan Chandra, Vikram Vishal, Jitendra Bahadur, Debasis Sen, International Journal of Coal Geology, 228, 103556 (2020).
3.
A green approach for the preparation of a surfactant embedded sulfonated carbon catalyst towards glycerol acetalization reactions, Anindya Ghosh, Aniruddha Singha, Aline Auroux, Avik Das, Debasis Sen and Biswajit Chowdhury, Catal. Sci. Technol.,10, 4827 (2020).
4.
Crystal Size-Dependent Pore Architecture and Surface Chemical Characteristics of Desolvated ZIF-8 Investigated Using Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy” S.K. Sharma, P. Utpalla, J. Bahadur, Avik Das, J. Prakash, P.K. Pujari, J. Phys. Chem. C, 124, 46, 25291–25298 (2020).
1.
Evaporation-induced structural evolution of the lamellar mesophase: a time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering study, Jitendra Bahadur, Avik Das, Debasis Sen, J. Appl. Cryst., 52, 1169-1175 (2019).
Science Highlights
Amphiphilic interaction-mediated ordering in Pickering emulsion
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